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Understanding the Mental Health Struggles of Seafarers

Updated: 11 hours ago

The life of a seafarer is marked by isolation, long hours, and harsh conditions. These elements severely impact their mental health and overall well-being. The Seafarers Happiness Index, a quarterly report, surveys seafarers worldwide. It reveals their mental health struggles, working conditions, and challenges in staying connected with family.


Recent studies have highlighted the mental health issues among seafarers. Lefkowitz et al. (2019) studied mental illness rates among international seafarers. Oldenburg et al. (2013) discussed depression, suicide, stress, and burnout in this group. These findings emphasize the need for better psychological support and initiatives for maritime crew wellbeing.


A seafarer overlooking the ocean

The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened seafarers' challenges, with extended contracts and repatriation issues. The Seafarers Happiness Index for Q1 2021, by the Mission to Seafarers, detailed their well-being during this period. Organizations like the Mission to Seafarers offer support, including Wi-Fi, SIM cards, and emotional support.


Despite these efforts, mental health stigma in the maritime industry hinders help-seeking. Seafarers fear job loss or professional repercussions if they open up about their mental health. This fear, combined with the unique challenges they face, underlines the need for prioritizing crew welfare and implementing effective mental health policies.


Key Takeaways

  • Seafarers face unique challenges that can significantly impact their mental health and well-being.

  • Studies have shown high rates of depression, stress, and burnout among seafarers.

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the mental health struggles of seafarers.

  • Organizations are providing psychological support and resources to improve maritime crew wellbeing.

  • Stigma surrounding mental health in the maritime industry remains a barrier to seeking help.


The Unique Challenges Faced by Seafarers

Seafarers face numerous challenges that affect their mental health and overall well-being. These issues arise from the unique aspects of their work environment and the high demands of their profession. It's vital to understand these challenges to develop effective strategies for managing crew stress and promoting mental health at sea.


Prolonged Isolation from Family and Friends

One major challenge for seafarers is the prolonged isolation from family and friends. Being away for extended periods can cause loneliness, homesickness, and disconnection. This separation is even harder during significant life events or family emergencies, adding to the emotional burden on seafarers.





Confined Living and Working Spaces

Seafarers live and work in confined spaces on ships for months. These areas lack privacy, have shared accommodations, and are exposed to constant noise and vibration. The absence of personal space and the inability to escape work stressors can increase stress and strain on mental health.


Stress Factor

Percentage of Seafarers Affected

Noise and Vibration

75%

Lack of Privacy

68%

Confined Living Spaces

62%


Demanding Work Schedules and Shift Work

The maritime industry operates around the clock, requiring seafarers to work long hours and navigate demanding schedules. Shift work, including night shifts and irregular hours, disrupts sleep patterns and leads to fatigue. This constant tiredness negatively impacts mental well-being and increases the risk of accidents and injuries.


According to the Seafarers Happiness Index report, seafarers often feel pressured to work excessive hours, contributing to heightened stress levels and compromised well-being.

Seafarers also face maritime psychosocial risks like cultural differences, language barriers, and limited social interaction. These factors exacerbate feelings of isolation and contribute to mental health issues.


It's essential to recognize the unique challenges seafarers face to implement effective wellbeing programs. By addressing these challenges and providing support, the maritime industry can improve mental health outcomes for its workforce.


Prevalent Mental Health Issues Among Seafarers

Seafarers face unique challenges that can lead to mental health issues. These problems affect their well-being and job performance. Studies show that seafarers are more likely to develop mental health problems than the general population. Depression, anxiety, burnout, and substance abuse are common concerns.


A ship navigating through stormy seas under a brooding sky

Depression and Anxiety

Depression and anxiety are prevalent among seafarers. Up to 20% have considered suicide. Symptoms include sadness, hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating. Isolation and demanding work schedules worsen these symptoms.

A study found that 20.7% of U.S. seafarers showed signs of major depressive disorder. Another 22.7% had generalized anxiety disorder. Women, younger workers, and those with specific credentials were more affected.


Burnout and Fatigue

Burnout and fatigue are major mental health issues for seafarers. Their demanding work and limited rest lead to exhaustion. Fatigue increases the risk of accidents and job dissatisfaction.


Mental Health Outcome

Percentage of U.S. Seafarers

Elevated Stress

38.2%

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

22.7%

Major Depressive Disorder

20.7%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

18.4%

Suicidal Ideation

8.9%


Substance Abuse and Addiction

Substance abuse is common among seafarers. They often use substances to cope with stress. This can lead to addiction and worsen mental health problems.


Globally, a study by the ITF Seafarers' Trust and Yale University revealed that 20% of survey respondents reported suicidal ideation within the previous two weeks, highlighting the severity of mental health challenges faced by seafarers worldwide.

Improving seafarers' mental health requires a joint effort. Ship owners, operators, and the maritime industry must work together. Implementing crew welfare programs and providing mental health resources are essential. Creating a supportive shipboard environment is also critical.


Impact of COVID-19 on Seafarers' Mental Well-being

The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the already tough conditions for seafarers, causing more stress, anxiety, and depression. A recent scoping review on seafarers' mental health during the pandemic found a significant impact on their well-being. Symptoms of psychiatric disorders have increased compared to before the pandemic.


Extended Contracts and Inability to Repatriate

Seafarers have faced extended contracts and the inability to return home due to travel restrictions. A study by Baygi et al. with 439 seafarers during the pandemic found 42.6% reported general psychiatric disorders, higher than before. The prolonged separation from family and friends, along with the uncertainty of when they can return, has severely affected their mental health.


Study

Sample Size

Findings

Baygi et al.

439 seafarers

42.6% reported general psychiatric disorders during the pandemic

Pauksztat et al.

Comparison of seafarers surveyed before and during the pandemic

Crew change crisis contributed to significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety


Heightened Stress and Uncertainty

The pandemic has introduced new stressors for seafarers, including health and safety concerns for themselves and their families. A survey by Andrei et al. of 1,026 seafarers showed about 40% reported mental health problems (depression and anxiety) at least sometimes. Around 10% experienced these problems often. The lack of clear communication from employers and the pandemic's ever-changing nature have increased stress and uncertainty.


Around 1.9 million seafarers operate over 74,000 vessels in the international trade. Among these about 850,000 are officers and 1,050,000 are ratings.

The pandemic's impact on seafarers' mental health has been widespread. Crew welfare organizations and maritime mental health professionals have seen a significant increase in seafarers seeking help. Given their critical role in global trade, it's essential for the maritime industry to prioritize seafarers' mental well-being and implement measures to reduce the pandemic's mental health impact.


Cultural and Language Barriers to Seeking Help

Cultural and language barriers significantly affect seafarers' mental health and their willingness to seek help. The maritime industry is a melting pot of cultures, with crew members from diverse backgrounds. This diversity enriches the industry but also presents challenges in addressing mental health concerns.

The stigma surrounding mental health in many cultures is a major barrier. In some societies, mental health issues are seen as a sign of weakness. This stigma is more pronounced in male-dominated industries like seafaring, where traditional gender roles and expectations of stoicism prevail.


Language barriers further complicate the issue. Many crew members may not speak the common language on board. This makes it hard for them to express their feelings or concerns. The communication gap can lead to misunderstandings and a reluctance to seek help.


To overcome these barriers, the maritime industry must prioritize mental health education. Tailored programs that address the diverse needs of seafarers are essential. By promoting open dialogues and providing multilingual resources, the industry can foster a more inclusive environment.


"Cultural factors, diverse languages, and religions among seafarers may impact their willingness to seek help for mental health issues."

Addressing cultural and language barriers is vital for ensuring seafarers have access to mental health support. By creating a culture of understanding and empathy, the maritime industry can significantly improve the well-being of its crew members.


Stigma Surrounding Mental Health in the Maritime Industry

The maritime industry is often seen as a place of toughness and resilience. This has inadvertently led to a stigma around mental health. Seafarers face unique challenges like prolonged isolation and demanding work schedules. These factors can severely impact their mental health. Yet, the stigma around mental health issues in the maritime industry hinders seafarers from seeking help.


A recent study found that a quarter of seafarers suffer from depression, and 17% experience anxiety within two weeks. Also, 20% of seafarers have thought about suicide or self-harm during the same period. These statistics underscore the urgent need to tackle the mental health stigma in the maritime industry and offer proper support to seafarers.


A group of diverse seafarers on a ship, each exhibiting subtle physical symptoms of stress and anxiety

Reluctance to Disclose Mental Health Struggles

One major challenge in addressing mental health among seafarers is their reluctance to open up. Many fear judgment, discrimination, or even job loss if they admit to mental health issues. This silence perpetuates the stigma, making it seem that seeking help is a sign of weakness.


A survey by the International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) showed that seafarers from the Philippines and Eastern Europe face more violence. This suggests cultural norms and perceptions of mental health play a role in the stigma, making it harder for seafarers to seek help.


Fear of Job Loss or Professional Consequences

Another barrier is the fear of losing one's job or facing professional consequences. Seafarers worry that sharing their mental health struggles could harm their careers. The competitive nature of the industry and limited job security exacerbate these fears, making it hard for seafarers to prioritize their mental health.


The Standard Club's 'people claims' statistics show a rise in mental health-related illnesses among seafarers. This highlights the need for industry-wide action. The Seafarer Mental Health Study found a link between depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and a higher risk of injury and illness. Seafarers with depression and/or anxiety were twice as likely to have injuries and illnesses compared to their peers.


Mental Health Condition

Prevalence Among Seafarers

Depression

25%

Anxiety

17%

Suicidal Thoughts or Self-Harm

20%


To combat the mental health stigma in the maritime industry, creating a supportive and inclusive work environment is essential. Ship owners and operators must implement mental health policies, provide resources and support services, and promote a culture that values mental health.


Somatization: Physical Manifestations of Psychological Distress

Somatization, where psychological stress turns into physical symptoms, is common among seafarers. Recent studies have uncovered the complex relationship between mental health and physical complaints in the maritime field. This highlights the need for detailed medical assessments and specific interventions.


A study by Svetina et al found that environmental, social, and health issues are major stressors for seafarers. These stressors often lead to physical symptoms like chest pains, headaches, and insomnia. This prompts crew members to seek medical help.


Research also shows a link between depression and certain coping styles among seafarers. The most common coping styles were task-oriented (29%) and avoidance-oriented (15%). This suggests a need for better coping strategies to handle psychological stress.


Seafarers exposed to specific work conditions and traumatic events have increased risks of depression and cardiovascular diseases.

The health impact of somatization on seafarers is worsened by isolation, confined spaces, and demanding schedules. A study by Galić et al found poor sleep quality and increased workload among seafarers. It also highlighted the importance of job satisfaction in improving their mental health.


Age Range

Mean Age

Male Seafarers

21 to 68 years

42.3 years

97.19%


To tackle somatization among seafarers, healthcare professionals must conduct thorough medical evaluations. They should also consider the psychological roots of physical symptoms. Recognizing the connection between mental health and physical complaints allows for tailored interventions to support crew members.

  • Provide access to mental health resources and support services

  • Implement stress management and coping skills training programs

  • Encourage open communication and peer support among crew members

  • Foster a supportive and inclusive shipboard environment


Addressing somatization in the maritime industry demands a joint effort from ship owners, operators, and healthcare providers. By focusing on the mental health of seafarers and implementing targeted interventions, we can create a healthier, more resilient workforce. This ensures the safety and well-being of those who sustain our global economy.


Role of Ship Owners and Operators in Supporting Mental Health

Ship owners and operators are key in supporting the mental health of seafarers. Seafarers face unique challenges like prolonged isolation and demanding work schedules. It's essential for companies to prioritize their mental health and implement effective strategies to promote crew wellbeing.


Recent studies highlight the need for action. Research shows seafarers have higher mental health problems rates. In fact, 55% of employer respondents in the international cargo shipping industry reported no policies or practices for addressing seafarers' mental health in the last 10 years.


Importance of Prioritizing Mental Health in the Maritime Industry

Recognizing mental health's importance in the maritime industry is the first step. Ship owners and operators must understand that investing in crew mental well-being benefits both the individuals and the ship's safety and efficiency.


Strategies for Promoting Crew Well-being

To promote crew well-being, ship owners and operators can implement various strategies, such as:

  • Developing robust crew wellness programs that address sleep hygiene, exercise, hydration, and diet

  • Ensuring the availability of medications and medical support

  • Providing opportunities for shore leave and recreational activities

  • Fostering a positive team spirit and encouraging open communication

  • Recognizing and appreciating the work done by ship Masters and seafarers


Implementing Mental Health Policies and Programs

Clear mental health policies and programs are essential onboard ships. These policies should outline the company's commitment to mental health, provide guidance on identifying and addressing mental health concerns, and ensure confidentiality and non-discrimination.


Some key elements of effective mental health policies and programs include:

  1. Designating mental health liaisons or trained personnel onboard ships

  2. Providing additional training for captains and crew members on mental health awareness and support

  3. Implementing culturally sensitive support programs that consider the diverse backgrounds of seafarers

  4. Regularly assessing and monitoring the mental health of crew members


Providing Access to Resources and Support Services

Ship owners and operators should ensure seafarers have access to various resources and support services. This can include:


Resource/Service

Description

Helplines and counseling services

Providing 24/7 access to confidential helplines and professional counseling services, either onboard or through remote channels

Mental health education materials

Distributing educational materials, such as brochures, posters, and videos, to raise awareness about mental health and available support

Peer support programs

Encouraging peer support and mentorship among crew members to foster a sense of camaraderie and shared understanding

Shore-based support services

Collaborating with shore-based organizations and welfare agencies to provide extensive support to seafarers and their families


"Normalizing mental wellness as part of overall health and safety, maintaining a work environment free of bullying and harassment, and providing access to positive activities and professional counseling are critical for promoting good mental health among seafarers in the maritime industry."

By prioritizing mental health support, implementing effective strategies, and providing access to resources, ship owners and operators can play a vital role. They can promote the well-being of seafarers and foster a positive and supportive work environment in the maritime industry.


Initiatives and Resources for Seafarers' Mental Health

Seafarers face unique challenges that affect their mental health. Organizations have stepped up to provide support tailored to their needs. These efforts aim to enhance seafarers mental health by ensuring accessible and thorough assistance, regardless of their location or situation.


International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN)

The International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) is key in supporting seafarers' mental health globally. ISWAN's 24-hour helpline, SeafarerHelp, acts as a lifeline for crew members dealing with financial issues, repatriation problems, and mental health concerns. In 2022, ISWAN's WeCare program reached over 50,000 seafarers, providing mental health advice and wellbeing resources. They also offered courses on financial and social wellbeing to empower seafarers and their families.


ISWAN's ongoing efforts, such as the Mentally Healthy Ships guide and Yacht Crew Help, show their dedication to addressing seafarers' specific needs. The SIM Project, led by ISWAN, aims to improve crew cohesion and social interaction, recognizing their importance for psychological wellbeing.


Helplines and Counseling Services

Organizations like The Mission to Seafarers, Sailors' Society, and Stella Maris also offer vital services. They provide port-based welfare services and 24-hour response services. These helplines and counseling services ensure seafarers have emergency support when needed, providing a compassionate ear and guidance during tough times.


A ship at sunset, surrounded by calming waves, with a soft light illuminating various mental health resources symbolically depicted as floating objects; such as a lifebuoy representing support, an anchor symbolizing stability, and a compass illustrating guidance, all harmoniously integrated into the marine environment.

Organization

Services Offered

The Mission to Seafarers

Chat to a Chaplain, port-based welfare services

Sailors' Society

24-hour helpline, port-based welfare services

Stella Maris

24-hour helpline, port-based welfare services


The Mission to Seafarers' Happiness Index report highlights ongoing challenges faced by seafarers, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Heavy workloads, virus fears, and perceived lack of precautions on board have led to a decline in happiness at sea. This underlines the need for continued support and resources.


82% of yacht crew had experienced low morale 'sometimes', 'often', or 'always', and nearly 40% had encountered difficulties accessing mental health support.

These organizations offer a range of services, from e-learning and online seminars to in-person workshops and port visits. They ensure seafarers have access to the support they need, when they need it. As the maritime industry continues to prioritize mental health, these initiatives and resources will become increasingly vital in safeguarding seafarers' well-being worldwide.


Mental Health Screening in Pre-Employment Medical Examinations

The maritime industry has seen a sharp rise in mental health issues among seafarers. From 2014 to 2020, the number of seafarers with failed, temporarily unfit, or restricted certificates due to mental disorders nearly tripled. The number of seafarers deemed likely to have severe anxiety, depression, or other mental illnesses that may impair performance increased more than twofold within the same period. These alarming statistics have led to a growing concern regarding mental health screening in pre-employment medical examinations (PEMEs) and the impact on crewing crises.


Mental health screening has become a critical component of PEMEs in the maritime industry. Ship owners and operators prioritize these examinations to assess the medical fitness of prospective employees. Conducting PEMEs reduces the risk of medical emergencies at sea and enhances onboard safety. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines set standards for medical fitness for seafarers, ensuring that crew members are physically and mentally capable of performing their duties.


During mental health assessments, it is vital to differentiate between manageable mental health "states" (temporary conditions) and unmanageable mental health "traits" (rooted in personality). This distinction allows for a more thorough evaluation of a seafarer's psychological well-being and cognitive function. Identifying any concerns that may affect their work at sea is essential. Age and nationality-specific screenings are also important considerations in PEMEs, as they allow for tailored medical assessments that address the unique needs of different demographics.


"Prioritizing mental health evaluations not only promotes the wellbeing of the crew onboard but also mitigates financial and security risks, ultimately leading to cost savings." - AP Companies spokesperson

AP Companies, a leading provider of maritime medical services, collaborates with stakeholders to develop specific PEME protocols and procedures. Their PEME reviews ensure crew members' fitness for duty and support informed decision-making by ship owners. Further, re-employment medical exams (REME) must meet the same standards as PEME exams to ensure that well-trained crew members continue to provide services safely.


Examination Type

Purpose

Frequency

Pre-Employment Medical Examination (PEME)

Assess medical fitness of prospective employees

Before employment

Re-Employment Medical Examination (REME)

Ensure continued fitness for duty

Periodically during employment


In conclusion, mental health screening in pre-employment medical examinations is essential for maintaining a safe and healthy working environment aboard ships. By prioritizing mental health evaluations and collaborating with experienced maritime medical service providers like AP Companies, the industry can effectively address the growing mental health concerns among seafarers. This ensures the well-being of their crew members.


Fostering a Supportive and Inclusive Shipboard Environment

Creating a supportive and inclusive shipboard environment is vital for seafarers' mental well-being. A culture of open communication, peer support, and recreational activities can greatly enhance mental health in the maritime industry.


Promoting Open Communication and Peer Support

Open communication among crew members is key to a supportive shipboard environment. When seafarers feel free to share their concerns, they're more likely to seek help. Shipping companies can aid this by training management in communication and leadership. They should also foster an inclusive culture and organize social events to boost team cohesion and reduce loneliness.

Peer support is essential for seafarers' mental well-being. A buddy system or mentorship program can offer emotional support and guidance. This camaraderie helps alleviate stress and isolation, common among seafarers.


Encouraging Participation in Recreational Activities

Recreational activities are a powerful tool for seafarers' mental well-being. Activities like sports, games, and social events help crew members unwind and build support networks. These activities combat isolation and foster a sense of community on board.


A serene ship deck at sunset, with diverse seafarers engaging in friendly conversations

Shipping companies can support this by providing vessels with recreational facilities and amenities. This includes gyms, libraries, and movie rooms that cater to crew interests. Investing in these resources shows the industry's commitment to seafarer well-being, creating a more supportive and inclusive environment.


Strategy

Benefits

Open Communication

Encourages seafarers to express concerns and seek support

Peer Support

Provides emotional support and guidance among crew members

Recreational Activities

Helps seafarers unwind, strengthens support networks, and combats isolation

Appropriate Facilities and Amenities

Demonstrates commitment to seafarer well-being and creates a supportive environment


By focusing on these strategies, the maritime industry can significantly improve its shipboard environment. Open communication, peer support, and recreational activities are key. They help create a resilient and mentally healthy workforce, ensuring the industry's safety and success.


Conclusion

The mental health challenges faced by seafarers are complex and widespread, requiring immediate action from industry leaders. With 25% of seafarers showing signs of depression and 17% experiencing anxiety, the urgency is evident. Suicidal thoughts among them are also a concern, with 20% reporting such feelings. These issues not only harm seafarers' well-being but also increase the risk of accidents, illnesses, and turnover.


The maritime industry must focus on seafarers' mental health and well-being. It must address the unique stressors they face, like prolonged isolation and demanding schedules. The COVID-19 pandemic has made these challenges even more pressing, underscoring the need for support. Ship owners and operators are key in promoting mental health by creating tailored policies and resources for seafarers.


Encouraging open communication and creating a supportive environment on ships is vital. Organizations like the International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) provide critical support through helplines and counseling. By prioritizing mental health awareness and support, the maritime industry can ensure the safety and well-being of its most valuable asset: seafarers.


FAQ

What are the unique challenges faced by seafarers that impact their mental health?

Seafarers endure prolonged isolation from loved ones, confined living and working spaces, and demanding schedules. These factors heighten stress, loneliness, and hinder social connections. Such conditions can severely affect their mental health.


What are the most common mental health issues experienced by seafarers?

Depression, anxiety, burnout, and fatigue are common among seafarers. Their demanding work, isolation, and stress contribute to these issues. Substance abuse and addiction are also significant concerns, as coping mechanisms for their mental health struggles.


How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the mental well-being of seafarers?

The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the mental health challenges for seafarers. Extended contracts, inability to repatriate, and heightened stress have significantly affected their well-being. The pandemic has also limited their access to support services, exacerbating their mental health struggles.


What cultural and language barriers do seafarers face when seeking help for mental health issues?

Seafarers from diverse backgrounds face cultural and language barriers in seeking mental health help. Some cultures may stigmatize mental health issues, leading to reluctance in seeking help. Language barriers also hinder effective communication and access to support services.


How does the stigma surrounding mental health in the maritime industry impact seafarers?

The stigma around mental health in the maritime industry deters seafarers from disclosing their struggles. They fear job loss or professional consequences if they seek help. This stigma prevents them from accessing necessary support and resources for their mental well-being.


What is somatization, and how does it relate to the mental health of seafarers?

Somatization is when psychological distress manifests physically. Seafarers with mental health issues may present physical symptoms like headaches or fatigue. It's important to evaluate these symptoms thoroughly to address the underlying psychological factors.


What role do ship owners and operators play in supporting the mental health of seafarers?

Ship owners and operators are key in supporting seafarers' mental health. They can promote well-being by providing mental health resources and fostering a supportive work environment. Establishing clear mental health policies and programs is essential for seafarers' well-being.


What initiatives and resources are available to support the mental health of seafarers?

Organizations like the International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network (ISWAN) offer mental health support to seafarers. They provide helplines, counseling services, and information on mental health topics. These initiatives aim to offer accessible and confidential support worldwide.


How can mental health screening be incorporated into pre-employment medical examinations for seafarers?

Mental health screening should be part of pre-employment and renewal medical examinations for seafarers. Including mental health assessments in these exams can help identify concerns early. This ensures seafarers receive the necessary support and resources for their well-being.


What can be done to foster a supportive and inclusive shipboard environment for seafarers?

To foster a supportive shipboard environment, promote open communication and encourage peer support. Provide recreational activities and create a culture of understanding and empathy. Encouraging social interaction and facilitating connections with family and friends is also vital for their mental well-being.


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