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PSC Action Codes Explained: Key to Safe and Compliant Shipping

Port State Control involves inspecting foreign ships in national ports to check their compliance with safety, pollution prevention, and seafarers' standards. The PSC inspection uses action codes to show the severity of any issues found and what needs to be fixed. It's vital for shipowners, operators, and crews to know these PSC action codes to ensure their ships meet strict standards set by the Paris MoU, Tokyo MoU, and other agreements.


A team of Port State Control inspectors examining a large cargo vessel


In the last three decades, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has increased port state control to tackle non-compliance by foreign ships. This has led to better inspection methods, guidelines for PSC officers, and more training. The move from "quantity-based" to "risk-based" inspection has also been successful. It focuses on high-risk ships and rewards those that perform well with fewer inspections.


Key Takeaways:

  • PSC inspections verify compliance with international maritime regulations

  • Action codes indicate deficiency severity and required corrective measures

  • IMO has strengthened port state jurisdiction over the past three decades

  • Risk-based inspection regimes focus resources on high-risk ships


Introduction to Port State Control (PSC)

Port State Control (PSC) is a vital mechanism in the maritime world, acting as a second line of defence against substandard shipping. It involves inspecting foreign ships at ports to check if they follow international rules set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Port state authorities carry out these inspections to ensure the ship, its equipment, and crew meet the necessary standards.


Purpose and Objectives of PSC Inspections

The main goal of PSC inspections is to spot and fix issues that could endanger the ship, its crew, and the sea environment. These checks aim to stop substandard shipping and make sure all ships follow IMO rules. Regular and consistent PSC inspections help enforce global maritime standards, preventing accidents and pollution caused by non-compliant ships.

The objectives of PSC inspections include:

  • Checking if ships follow safety and environmental protection rules

  • Finding and fixing issues that could risk the ship or its crew

  • Making sure ships are manned and run according to international standards

  • Ensuring a fair playing field for shipping by treating all ships equally


Role of PSC in Ensuring Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection

PSC is key to keeping the seas safe and protecting the marine environment. By doing detailed inspections and enforcing global rules, port states can spot and tackle risks from substandard shipping. PSC checks various areas, like the ship's structure, equipment, crew, and how it's run, to make sure it meets standards.

Working together is vital for PSC's success. Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) have been set up in different regions to help with consistent inspections and sharing information. These agreements prevent ships from being checked multiple times and ensure global standards are followed across ports.


"Port State Control is a critical tool for getting rid of substandard shipping and boosting maritime safety. Through teamwork and uniform inspections, we can enforce global rules and safeguard our oceans."

The role of PSC in keeping the seas safe and protecting the environment is huge. By being a second line of defence against non-compliant ships, PSC inspections play a big part in preventing accidents, pollution, and protecting marine life. As the shipping world keeps changing, PSC's role in keeping safety and environmental standards high will only grow.


Legal Framework and Regulatory Basis for PSC

The legal foundation for Port State Control (PSC) is rooted in international maritime law, with a key role for the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Articles 218 and 219 of UNCLOS empower port States to enforce measures against pollution from unseaworthy vessels. This authority allows them to inspect and detain ships posing environmental threats or failing to meet safety and pollution standards.


IMO conventions and regulations also underpin the PSC regime. Notably, SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, and ILO conventions provide the framework for port States to verify certificates and conduct inspections. These instruments ensure compliance with international standards, safeguarding the marine environment and human life at sea.


International Conventions and IMO Regulations

The IMO has developed "Procedures for Port State Control" to guide and standardize PSC inspections globally. These procedures detail the selection of ships for inspection, the inspection process, and the reporting of deficiencies. They focus on targeting high-risk vessels and ensuring consistent practices across port States.


Key IMO conventions underpinning PSC inspections include:

  • SOLAS 1974: Ensures the safety of merchant ships by setting minimum standards for construction, equipment, and operation.

  • MARPOL: Aims to prevent pollution from ships, covering oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollution.

  • STCW 1978: Sets qualification standards for masters, officers, and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships.

  • Load Lines (LL) 1966: Establishes uniform principles and rules regarding the limits to which ships on international voyages may be loaded.

  • Tonnage Measurement (TONNAGE) 1969: Provides a universal system for the tonnage measurement of ships.

  • Anti-Fouling Systems (AFS) 2001: Prohibits the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints and establishes a mechanism to prevent the future use of harmful substances in anti-fouling systems.

  • Ballast Water Management (BWM) 2004: Aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another by establishing standards and procedures for the management and control of ships' ballast water and sediments.


An aerial view of a busy port with large cargo ships docked

Regional Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) on PSC

Regional cooperation in PSC is facilitated by Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs). These agreements bring together maritime authorities from various countries to coordinate their PSC efforts. The goal is to eliminate sub-standard ships through harmonized inspections.

Currently, nine regional MoUs on PSC exist, covering different geographical areas:

  1. Paris MoU: Europe and the North Atlantic

  2. Tokyo MoU: Asia and the Pacific

  3. Acuerdo de Viña del Mar: Latin America

  4. Caribbean MoU

  5. Abuja MoU: West and Central Africa

  6. Black Sea MoU

  7. Mediterranean MoU

  8. Indian Ocean MoU

  9. Riyadh MoU


The United States Coast Guard (USCG) also operates its own PSC program, not part of any MoU but cooperating with other regimes.

Regional MoU

Number of Member States

Year of Establishment

Paris MoU

27 (26 European countries and Canada)

1982

Tokyo MoU

20

1993

Acuerdo de Viña del Mar

15

1992

Caribbean MoU

20

1996

Abuja MoU

22

1999

Black Sea MoU

6

2000

Mediterranean MoU

10

1997

Indian Ocean MoU

20

1998

Riyadh MoU

6

2004


The legal framework and regulatory basis for PSC, established by UNCLOS, IMO conventions, and regional MoUs, ensure the safety, security, and environmental sustainability of international shipping. Through these agreements, port States can effectively identify and address substandard ships. This promotes a level playing field for responsible ship owners and operators, protecting the marine environment and the lives of seafarers and passengers.


Overview of PSC Inspection Process

The Port State Control (PSC) inspection process is vital for maritime safety and environmental protection. PSC officers (PSCOs) inspect foreign ships in their ports to check compliance with international laws. The Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU) outlines definitions and abbreviations for PSC documents. This standardizes inspections across member states.


Selection Criteria for Ships to be Inspected

Ships are selected for PSC inspections based on risk factors. These include ship type, age, flag, and inspection history. The system aims to inspect high-risk ships more often while also conducting random checks. This ensures fairness for all vessels.


Scope and Areas Covered During PSC Inspections

PSC inspections cover various areas to ensure safety and compliance. The initial check verifies certificates and documents and assesses the ship's condition. This includes the navigation bridge, engine room, and living spaces. Fire safety, life-saving appliances, and pollution prevention are also scrutinized.

If a PSCO suspects non-compliance, a detailed inspection follows. This may involve operational controls and specific risk areas. Crew members must also demonstrate their knowledge of essential procedures and emergency responses.


Documentation and Certificates Verified by PSCOs

PSCOs check a range of certificates and documents during inspections. These ensure the ship meets international standards. The documents include:

  • Ship certificates (e.g., registration, tonnage, load line)

  • Crew certificates (e.g., competency, medical fitness)

  • Safety management and security certificates

  • Logbooks (e.g., deck, engine, oil record book)

  • Manuals and plans required by IMO conventions (e.g., fire safety, life-saving appliances, pollution prevention)


Certificate/Document

Convention

Purpose

Certificate of Registry

UNCLOS

Proof of ship's nationality and ownership

International Tonnage Certificate

TONNAGE 69

Specifies ship's tonnage measurements

International Load Line Certificate

LL 66

Confirms compliance with load line regulations

International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate

MARPOL

Verifies pollution prevention measures for oil tankers

Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate

SOLAS

Attests to the ship's structural integrity and safety


PSCOs examine these documents and conduct physical checks. This helps identify any shortcomings and ensures the ship meets international standards. It enhances maritime safety and environmental protection.


A conceptual illustration of the IMO Instruments Implementation Code, featuring symbolic representations of maritime safety, compliance, and regulations

PSC Action Codes and Their Significance

Port State Control (PSC) authorities employ a standardized system of action codes. These codes categorize the severity of deficiencies found during inspections. They indicate the necessary corrective measures. These codes are vital for maritime safety, environmental protection, and compliance with international regulations. The Paris MoU and other regional PSC regimes have established a detailed set of action codes. They guide ship operators and PSC officers in rectifying deficiencies and preventing hazards.


Categories of Deficiencies and Their Severity

Deficiencies found during PSC inspections are categorized based on their nature and severity. Common areas of concern include ship structure, fire safety, life-saving appliances, machinery, and pollution prevention. The severity of a deficiency determines the action code assigned to it. This ranges from minor issues to major non-conformities that may warrant immediate detention.


Explanation of Each Action Code and Its Implications

Each action code has specific implications for the ship and its crew. For instance, Code 17 instructs the master to rectify a deficiency before departure. This may require a second inspection to verify compliance. Code 19 pertains to major ISM-related deficiencies that pose a serious threat and must be resolved before departure. On the other hand, Code 16 allows for the rectification of minor deficiencies within 14 days after departure.



The most severe action code, Code 30, signifies grounds for detention. This means the ship will be detained until the deficiencies are rectified. Code 35 is used when a ship is allowed to sail after a detention. Codes 40 and 45 involve informing the next port of call to check and rectify deficiencies or re-detain the ship if necessary. Codes 50 and 55 require informing or consulting with the flag State or Consul when a ship is detained or when relevant deficiencies are found.


Analysis of PSC Statistics and Emerging Issues

PSC data analysis reveals valuable insights into the most common grounds for detention and emerging trends in the shipping industry. ISM-related deficiencies consistently rank among the top reasons for ship detentions. This highlights the importance of effective safety management systems. Fire safety, lifeboats, life rafts, and emergency systems also frequently contribute to detentions. This emphasizes the need for regular maintenance and crew training.

In recent years, PSC inspections have increasingly focused on issues such as cyber risk management, ballast water management, and compliance with the global sulphur cap. As new regulations come into force and technology advances, ship operators must adapt their practices. They must ensure compliance and avoid PSC deficiencies.


Statistical Comparison of Action Codes Imposed during Inspections

A comparison of PSC statistics from different MoUs reveals variations in the use of action codes and detention rates. The Paris MoU, for example, has consistently recorded higher detention rates compared to the Tokyo MoU. Both regimes share similar patterns in terms of the most frequently observed deficiencies and the action codes imposed.


Action Code (Paris MoU)

Description

10

Deficiency rectified and verified by PSCO

15

Rectify deficiency at next port

16

Rectify within 14 days after departure

17

Rectify before departure

19

Safety Management Audit to be carried out by Flag before departure

21

ISM corrective action to be taken within 3 months

30

Grounds for detention

99

Other (Reported to flag State and RO)


By analyzing PSC data and trends, the maritime industry can identify areas for improvement. It can develop targeted initiatives and work together to enhance safety, environmental protection, and compliance with international standards. Continued collaboration between flag States, port States, and other stakeholders is essential. It is necessary to address emerging challenges and maintain a robust PSC system that effectively contributes to the overall well-being of the shipping industry.


Best Practices for Shipowners and Operators to Avoid PSC Deficiencies

To avoid Port State Control (PSC) deficiencies and detentions, shipowners and operators must be proactive. They should implement a robust maintenance management system and foster a strong safety culture. Regular crew training and thorough internal audits are also essential.


The Tokyo MOU's Concentrated Inspection Campaign (CIC) on STCW 2022 highlights the need for vigilance. Luc Smulders, the Secretary-General of the Paris MoU, noted a 10-year high in detentions in 2022. Shipowners and operators must stay updated on PSC findings and emphasize these during maintenance and training.


Before arriving at a port, the crew should review past PSC reports and prepare necessary documents. They must also check the condition of safety and pollution prevention equipment. During inspections, the crew should be cooperative and transparent, noting any deficiencies for corrective actions.


It's vital for Masters and responsible persons to ensure the Safety Management System (SMS) is adequate for the crew and ship's condition. The number of operational and performance deficiencies exceeds technical ones during PSC inspections. A combination of non-detainable deficiencies can lead to an ISM-related detainable deficiency.


Shipowners and operators should focus on several best practices:

  1. Implement a detailed maintenance management system

  2. Encourage a strong safety culture through regular training and drills

  3. Provide ongoing crew training on PSC inspection procedures and requirements

  4. Conduct detailed internal audits to identify and fix possible deficiencies

  5. Ensure proper psc preparation by reviewing past inspection reports and preparing necessary documents

  6. Perform a thorough document review to ensure all certificates and manuals are current and compliant


The top 18 technical detainable deficiencies for ship owners and operators are updated annually. The upcoming Concentrated Inspection Campaign (CIC) will focus on fire safety. Crews should use the PSC Planner and Insights in Veracity to identify weak points in vessels.


"Sharing best practices through industry associations can also help raise overall safety standards and reduce the risk of PSC deficiencies and detentions across the maritime industry."

Region

PSC Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

Year Signed

Europe and the North Atlantic

Paris MoU

1982

Latin America

Acuerdo de Viña del Mar

1992

Asia Pacific

Tokyo MOU

1993

Caribbean

Caribbean MOU

Early implementation stage

Mediterranean

Mediterranean MOU

1997


After an inspection, the company should analyze findings and implement preventive measures fleet-wide as needed. By being proactive and following best practices, shipowners and operators can significantly lower the risk of PSC deficiencies and detentions. This ensures safer and more compliant shipping operations.


Case Studies: Learning from PSC Detentions and Deficiencies

Real-world case studies of ships detained due to Port State Control (PSC) deficiencies offer valuable insights. They help the maritime industry understand the root causes and corrective actions. This knowledge aids in developing preventive measures and risk assessment strategies. It ensures compliance and avoids costly delays.


Examples of Common PSC Deficiencies and Corrective Actions

Common issues leading to PSC detentions include expired certificates, inoperative fire dampers, and inadequate lifeboat maintenance. Oily water separator defects and excessive work hour violations are also frequent. A bulk carrier in Rotterdam was detained due to a malfunctioning fire detection system and insufficient emergency drills. The company implemented a corrective action plan. This plan involved replacing faulty equipment, retraining the crew, and improving documentation.



A tanker in Singapore faced detention for safety and environmental issues. These included a defective oil discharge monitoring system and inadequate garbage management. The company conducted a root cause analysis and implemented preventive measures. These included enhanced crew training, regular equipment testing, and stronger oversight from shore-based management.


Common PSC Deficiencies

Corrective Actions

Expired certificates

Renew certificates and improve document management

Inoperative fire dampers

Repair or replace dampers and conduct regular maintenance

Insufficient lifeboat maintenance

Implement a thorough lifeboat maintenance program

Oily water separator defects

Repair or replace separators and provide crew training

Excessive work hour violations

Ensure compliance with rest hour regulations and improve record-keeping


Lessons Learned and Best Practices Implemented by Shipping Companies

Shipping companies that have faced PSC detentions share their experiences and best practices. They aim to help others avoid similar issues. Key takeaways include:

  • Regular internal audits and inspections to identify non-compliances

  • Investing in crew training and awareness programs

  • Implementing robust maintenance and record-keeping systems

  • Developing risk assessment tools to prioritize concerns

  • Fostering a strong safety culture and encouraging open communication


"By sharing our experience and corrective actions, we hope to help other companies avoid mistakes. This ensures high compliance across their fleets." - John Smith, Safety Manager at XYZ Shipping

As the maritime industry evolves, learning from PSC case studies is essential. Implementing best practices ensures safe, efficient, and environmentally responsible shipping operations.


Conclusion

Port State Control (PSC) is essential for maintaining maritime safety and promoting responsible shipping globally. It conducts thorough inspections and uses standardized action codes to identify and fix issues on substandard ships. This effort prevents accidents and pollution. The Concentrated Inspection Campaign (CIC) on STCW by the Paris MoU and Tokyo MoU shows the need for ongoing monitoring and enforcement.


Flag States are mainly responsible for ensuring their vessels comply with standards. Yet, PSC acts as a vital backup, ensuring safety through international cooperation and data sharing among PSC MoUs. Shipowners and operators must focus on PSC compliance by fostering a safety culture, keeping up with regulations, and learning from past incidents. Collaboration with PSC authorities is key to achieving better compliance, reducing detention risks, and fostering a safer, more sustainable shipping sector.


Superintendents and ship officers engaged in a safety meeting on a cargo ship deck, showcasing best practices for preventing PSC deficiencies

The importance of PSC inspections grows as global maritime trade expands, with over 80% of the world's trade by sea. The teamwork between PSC regimes, flag States, and shipping companies is critical for upholding safety, security, and environmental standards. Through dialogue, shared experiences, and a dedication to improvement, the maritime sector can evolve into a more compliant and efficient industry. This ensures the safe transport of goods and protects the marine environment for future generations.


FAQ

What is the purpose of Port State Control (PSC) inspections?

PSC inspections ensure foreign ships meet international maritime safety, security, and environmental standards. They act as a backup to flag State efforts, serving as a "second line of defence" against substandard shipping.


What is the legal basis for PSC inspections?

PSC inspections are legally grounded in UNCLOS articles 218 and 219, along with control provisions in IMO conventions like SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, and others. These provisions empower port States to verify certificates and inspect ships for compliance with international standards.


How are ships targeted for PSC inspections?

Ships are selected for PSC inspections based on a risk profile. This profile considers the ship's type, age, flag, recognized organization, company performance, and inspection history. Higher-risk ships face more frequent and detailed inspections.


What areas are covered during a PSC inspection?

PSC inspections begin with verifying certificates and documents. They then assess the ship's general condition, including the navigation bridge, engine room, accommodation, and galley. Specific areas of focus include fire safety, life-saving appliances, structural condition, pollution prevention, and operational drills.


What action codes are used by PSCOs to indicate deficiencies found?

PSC regimes employ standardized action codes to classify deficiencies and outline necessary actions. Code 30 signifies a detainable deficiency requiring rectification before departure. Code 17 also necessitates rectification before departure but is less severe. Other codes allow the ship to depart but require rectification within a specified timeframe.


What are the most common PSC deficiencies leading to detention?

PSC statistics show that ISM-related deficiencies, fire safety issues, lifeboat and life raft problems, and emergency system malfunctions are frequent causes of detention.


How can shipowners and operators reduce the risk of PSC deficiencies?

To reduce PSC deficiencies, shipping companies should implement a robust maintenance management system. They should promote a strong safety culture, provide regular crew training, conduct internal audits, and prepare documentation thoroughly before port arrival.


What lessons can be learned from ships detained due to PSC deficiencies?

Detention cases highlight the need for valid certificates, functioning fire safety and life-saving equipment, proper crew rest hours, and prompt addressing of deficiencies. Sharing best practices and learning from past incidents can enhance industry-wide safety standards.


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